Simtropolis has a pinned topic on what to look for in the forum. This is a complete listing of props, lots, maps, regions, tools and game updates that were previously offered for download on the official SimCity 4 website. Whichever route you take make sure that you apply the recommended fixes to make the game more stable. Open the AutoRun.exe file and follow the on-screen instructions to install the game. The Origin version I don't think has the right patch so steer clear of that one. SimCity Societies Deluxe Edition Download the torrent Extract the. SimCity 4 has a single expansion pack called Rush Hour which adds features to the game. It is the fourth major installment in the SimCity series. Play the Game SimCity 4: Deluxe Edition ENGLISH-2-SPANISH TRANSLATION. SimCity Deluxe Edition free download is a city-building simulation computer game developed by Maxis, a subsidiary of Electronic Arts. Replace the original SIMCITY 4.EXE file with the one from the File Archive. Apply the official SimCity 4: Deluxe Edition v1.1.638 Patch. To download a free trial of the game or to purchase it online. Play Instructions: Install the game - Full Installation. Please update your bookmarks and visit from now on. Sort of along the lines of The Sims, Sim City, and so on is a game called Village Sim by. Personally I prefer GOG but the Steam version is good. The ultimate source of patches & addons for SimCity 4. Or the safer route buy a digital version of the game. This does not contain the DRM software, won't run the CD check and so Windows won't shut the game down. SimCity 4 Deluxe Edition- Version History - Mac App Store - last accessed on 'SimCity 4 Deluxe Edition is now optimized for Mac with Apple Silicon. As the game is already installed you can Google for a nocd exe file for the game version that you have. Microsoft declared those kinds of software a security risk and disables them from running so when SimCity 4 tries to run the CD check when you click on the game shortcut, Windows shuts it down but doesn't tell you that so you just think nothing has happened. ie: the thing that runs a check on game start up to see if you are using the CD so it knows that you own a genuine copy. It is a release of both SimCity 4 and the Rush Hour expansion bundled together with numerous particle effects. Need for Speed No Limits is a very good racing game with excellent graphics, quite a long story mode, and a polished control system.Windows 10 does not let certain older DRM software run. The Deluxe Edition was released in September 2003. You'll need the money for buying new vehicles and tuning the ones you already have in the garage, while your reputation will pave the way for you in the streets. A few months ago I acquired SimCity 4 Deluxe Edition from the Origin platform, I am looking to upgrade to build 638, however from the Origin platform I do not download the update, try to do it manually, I got the installer and it does not work, there is some way to update the version of Origin 610 t. is a transportation mod for SimCity 4 Deluxe Edition (or SimCity 4 with the Rush Hour Expansion Pack). If you slide your finger upwards you'll activate the nitro.Īs is typical in this saga, winning races will earn you money and boost your reputation. Browse SimCity 4 files to download full releases, installer, sdk, patches, mods, demos, and media. Need for Speed No Limits' default controls are quite smooth: the car accelerates automatically and you'll have to control the direction you turn by touching each side of the screen. Re: SimCity 4 Deluxe Edition - Update from 1.1.610.0 to 1.1.638.0 : Digital versions of SC4 do not require this, providing they are fully patched (1.1.641.0). Plus you'll find more than 1,000 different races set on different tracks. The Hoops The games we're currently playing: SimCity4, Battlefield 1942: The Road to Rome. Most of the races last around 30 seconds – more than enough time to taste victory or suffer a bitter defeat. Here are some mods that didn't make it past the judging panel. From Windows 10 onwards you have to use the digital version of SC4 (Steam and GOG) because Microsoft has removed the DLLs inherent to SafeDisc and SecuROM and therefore the disk version of SC4 you can not run it. To adapt itself perfectly to its medium (Android), Need for Speed No Limits comes with much shorter and more hectic races than the ones you'll find in the game for consoles or PC. Also, as is traditionally the case with this franchise, you'll find dozens of different options when it comes to tuning and customizing each of the game's cars. Players can get behind the steering wheels of some of the world's most powerful real cars, like the Subaru BRZ, the BMW M4, the McLaren 650, and even the Porsche 911. Need for Speed No Limits is a 3D racing game that continues down the path started by 'NFS: Most Wanted' and 'NFS: Underground', offering a playing experience that's perfectly adapted to touchscreen devices.
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11/19/2023 0 Comments Deep space galacticTask Force Hellfire was the primary fleet in charge of this hyperspace route and regularly performed patrols through Deep Space. The Empire largely operated out of the Endor system, which entered into Deep Space through a hyperlane monitored by Claw Station. Three hyperspace routes through Deep Space were utilized by various elements during the Galactic Civil War. " Welcome to the Imperial Space Station!" - Claw Station Communications Officer Galactic map roughly representing Deep Space. As the Galactic Civil War progressed, and following the routing of the Rebel base on Hoth, more Imperial patrols were assigned to Deep Space, both to locate more Rebel bases but primarily to protect the hyperlane leading to Endor, where the second Death Star was being built. As such, the Empire and the Rebel Alliance frequently engaged in combat, most often when an Imperial battle group discovered a hidden Rebel base. Roving fleets such as Darth Vader's Death Squadron and Task Force Hellfire handled much of the operations in Deep Space.ĭeep Space was considered an tactically important location, despite its few safe hyperlanes, due to the ease of hiding secret operations on uncharted worlds. Many Rebel and Smuggler bases were scattered throughout Deep Space, using unpopulated planets or hidden space stations as secret bases.įollowing the Battle of Yavin, Imperial forces began regularly patrolling known and suspected hyperspace routes throughout Deep Space in search of these hidden underworld bases. Very few hyperlanes were available, and many more were still left hidden from authorities, so the Empire assumed correctly that this territory was a potentially dangerous breeding ground for criminal elements. The Empire deemed these regions Deep Space. Others actually mapped out extensive swaths of safe planets and hyperlanes, but many became lost over the years as their owners died and never passed them on.Īs such, Deep Space was still considered, officially, as part of the Unknown Regions.īy the time of the Galactic Civil War, however, some of these charts had circulated successfully long enough for areas of the Unknown Regions closest to the inner rims to be considered partially explored. Many were fake and sold for exorbitant sums of credits, resulting in more than a few hapless individuals becoming lost in its depths. These charts were unofficial and largely passed between the hands of underworld elements. Over the course of several thousand years, more and more parts of Deep Space were mapped by individual and criminal organizations. A hyperlane between known space and the planet of Rakata Prime was eventually discovered through Deep Space by the Sith Lord Darth Revan sometime before the Jedi Civil War, but aside from this the region was considered untraversable. For most of galactic history, these sectors were only explored by the most adventurous scouts and hyperspace mappers, with few returning safely. Due to a lack of hospitable or populated systems and poor hyperspace routes, it was largely unexplored and thus a hive of secret criminal operations.ĭeep Space was a portion of the Unknown Regions in the northern part of the galactic map. " If you continue to map the Unknown Regions, you'll have to call them something else." - Wedge Antillesĭeep Space was a sparsely mapped and patrolled region of space between the majority of the galactic core and the Unknown Regions. Galactic Empire, Rebel Alliance, Multiple pirate and smuggler groups Deep Rock Galactic allows players to promote their character using a prestige system that has different missions to complete and multiple rewards.Organometallic asteroids, smuggling and secret military bases Players also get new Honor Badges for each promotion and the ability to continue leveling their character. Once the promotion assignment is finished, players can go to the character selection screen and select the promote option.įor the first promotion, players will receive an additional active perk slot, new assignments, the permanent ability to activate machine events, and access to Deep Dives and the Forge. Many of the missions for promotion assignments, like Deep Rock Galactic's On-site Refining, overlap between character classes, so players can complete them quicker while playing together. Promotion assignments can be completed alone or while playing with others. 11/19/2023 0 Comments Housing bubble usThis is already translating into falling new home sales, although it must be said that the appetite of cash buyers has declined at similar rates with the proportion of cash-only transactions for new homes holding steady at 30%.Īdmittedly, the new home sales number did jump 29% MoM in August as the chart below shows. With fewer people able to raise the money required for a deposit given inflation and financial asset price falls and then fewer people still who can afford the required monthly mortgage payments, it is little surprise that mortgage applications for home purchases have fallen more than 30% year to date. By point of reference the typical new annual mortgage payments for a home purchase equated to 26% of median incomes in the fourth quarter of 2019 and 37% at the peak of the housing bubble in 2006.ĭemand is capitulating and transactions are slowing On an annual basis this equates to 43% of the median pre-tax household income. Today it is over $2,600 based on a 30Y fixed rate mortgage for $411,700 at 6.52%. It was $1,550 per month at the start of the pandemic when the typical mortgage size was $350,000 at 3.4% fixed for 30 years. The combination of higher borrowing at higher interest rates means that the monthly payment on a new 30Y fixed rate mortgage at the prevailing average mortgage size and the prevailing mortgage interest rate has risen rapidly. This increasingly hawkish message from the Federal Reserve has resulted in longer dated Treasury yields moving sharply higher, which in turn has been the catalyst for the typical 30Y fixed mortgage rate rising from below 3% in November 2021 to 6.52% as of last week. We expect them to raise the Fed funds target range to 4.25-4.5% by year-end from the current 3-3.25% level. The Federal Reserve has been raising interest rates swiftly since March as inflation continued to surprise to the upside. Then there is the cost of financing a mortgage. The typical 30Y fixed mortgage rate has risen from below 3% in November 2021 to 6.52% as of last week Homeowners looking to trade up are in a better position, already partially owning an asset whose price is moving in the same direction, but it certainly isn’t easy. Falling equity markets and tumbling bond prices are further hampering new buyers’ ability to build enough for the required deposit. Yet the challenges for first-time buyers to save for a deposit are mounting, especially with surging inflation squeezing spending (and saving) power. This indicates homeowner equity has been rising significantly as a proportion of the funds used to make a home purchase. The average new mortgage taken out for a home purchase did rise to $450,000 between January and April, but this has subsequently declined to a $413,000 average for May-September 2022, not that far above the $403,000 average for the whole of 2021. Rapidly rising house prices are typically associated with larger mortgage borrowing. 11/19/2023 0 Comments Facebook chitchat parenting pageAnd, while you're at it, look for other ways to minimize the work associated with hosting a parenting book club. For example, choose books that already have existing book club discussion guides. That will save you the work of coming up with a list of discussion questions on your own. But it can be stressful to find yourself scrambling to put together an Instagram-worthy contribution at 1:00 am the night before. Sure, it's great to have delicious, eye-catching snacks - even snacks that tie into the book's theme. Step Four: Keep it simple.įocus on what matters most: the actual parenting discussions. What happens in book club should stay in book club, in other words. Discussions about parenting inevitably get personal, so book club members need to know that the stories they share with other book club members won't become fodder for the gossip mill. This means be explicit about the need for confidentiality. Hey, life happens.Īnd speaking of sidestepping stress, you'll also want to prevent any inadvertent book club drama. So don't beat them up for missing a meeting or not having time to do the readings or for having to dash out the door mid-meeting to deal with a kid-related emergency. Parents don't need any additional things to feel guilty about. Step Three: Promise to deliver a guilt-free book club experience to your book club members. Anything more than that may feel overwhelming and discourage parents from becoming involved. Pro tip: Parents are among the most time-stressed people on the planet, so you may find you get more uptake if you're only asking parents to read a chapter or two - as opposed to an entire book - each month. You'll find that parents are more likely to want to be involved if you're upfront about your plans and expectations, so be sure to include details about how often you'll be meeting, when and where you'll be meeting, and how many books you expect them to tackle in any given year. If you're hosting your parenting book club at your child's school or the local branch of your public library, maybe the school or library would be willing to help publicize your book club via their newsletter or website, too. Or share your invitation via social media, so that other parents can help you spread the word. Send out an email or text message to other parents you know, letting them know that you have a parenting book club in the works. (Don't ask parents to drive across town or to download obscure third-party software in order to participate in your book club or they simply won't bother.) Step Two: Invite other parents and ask them to help you spread the word. Your goals in either situation - whether you're meeting face-to-face or online - are (1) to safeguard the confidentiality of member discussions and (2) to make being involved blissfully simple and hassle-free. There's always a Facebook or Twitter notification ready to lure them away from whatever your book club is talking about - or they may overlook your book club discussions entirely if they're having a particularly busy newsfeed day.Īnd then there's the issue of deciding where to meet (at your child's school? at the local library? in someone's home) or where to host your online discussions (in a private Facebook group? in some other online space?). And while online discussion groups are the clear winner when it comes to scheduling (parents can dive in and out of discussions at the time that's work best for them), you're unlikely to have their sole, undivided attention. There will always be another activity (or ten) competing for people's time. But scheduling face-to-face anything can be a major challenge, as you know. Face-to-face conversations offer more opportunities for small talk - casual chitchat that tends to break the ice and that can help to establish trust. Naturally, there are pros and cons to going either route. Step One: Decide whether you want to meet face-to-face or online. Here's what you need to know to get started. Starting a parenting book club is a powerful way to create and nurture that village.) (If it takes a village to raise a child, it takes a village to support that child's parent. It's a fun and easy way to spark discussions about all things parenting and to build relationships other parents. Why not consider starting your own parenting book club? Looking for a way to strike up friendships with the other parents you bump into in the hallway at your child's school - or that great group of parents you like to hang out with online? 11/19/2023 0 Comments Waterfall reception deskYou can always contact us for any return question at and issues Items sent back to us without first requesting a return will not be accepted.Īll return charges are the customers responsibility and not Elefari's. To start a return, you can contact us at If your return is accepted, we’ll send you instructions on how and where to send your package. You’ll also need the receipt or proof of purchase for us to check the date of purchase. To be eligible for a return, your item must be in the same condition that you received it, unworn or unused, with tags, and in its original packaging. This is because our items are unique and we cannot remake or refurbish them once used. We have a 3-day return policy, which means you have 3 days after receiving your item to request a return. Please get in touch with us for more information so we can provide a quote for this. We can deliver in other regions in East Africa and beyond. Kiambu, Limuru, Mombasa, Kisumu, Nakuru, Eldoret, Thika, Kakamega, Kisii, Busia, Kapsabet, Garissa, Isiolo, Nyandarua, Bungoma, Iten, Burnt Forest, Kapenguria, Kimilili, Kabarnet, Nzoia, Webuye, Turbo, Embu, Chuka, Meru, Othaya, Runyenjes, Nkubu, Marsabit, Muranga, Karatina, Kangema, Kerugoya, Mwingi, Mwea, Molo, Naivasha, Narok, Njoro, Gilgil, Kijabe, Maralal, Olkalou, Emali, Isinya, Kajiado, Masii, Makindu, Oloitoktok, Tala, Mtito Andei, Mtwapa, Sultan Hamud, Voi, Mariakani, Malindi, Diani, Ahero, Awendo, Bondo, Bomet, Mbale, Kilgoris, Keroka, Maseno, Oyugis, Rongo, Siaya, Nambale, Muhoroni and more. 10, 000 Outside Nairobi - CountrywideĮlefari Woodcraft delivers to all other regions in Kenya. Kikuyu, Ruaka, Ndenderu, Juja, Ruiru, Ongata Rongai, Kiserian, Athi River, Syokimau, Mlolongo, Kinoo, Uthiru, Kangemi, Mucatha, Banana Hill, Wangige, Tatu City, Thogoto, Muguga, Ngong, Matasia, Kibiko, Kitengela, Gitaru. Deliveries immediately outside of Nairobi are processed on the same day. Orders are processed within 3 hours of receiving payment. 10, 000.ĭelivery on the outskirts of Nairobi orders less than KES.10,000Įlefari Woodcraft Delivers to areas outside Nairobi, but the delivery time is based on your location. Kilimani, Lavington, Industrial Area, Kileleshwa, Nyari, Westlands, Upperhill, Naivasha Road, Runda, Karen, Kitisuru, Nairobi West, South B, South C, Madaraka, Jamhuri, Woodley, Adam’s Arcade, Nagumo, Langata, Parklands, Riverside, Riara, Gigiri, Highridge, Loresho, Nyayo Estate, Mbagathi, Akila, Buru Buru, Donholm, Eastleigh, Fedha, Bahati, Ngara, Pangani, Garden Estate, Roasters, Thome, Kasarani, Roysambu, Mirema, Imara Daima, Embakasi, Hurlingham, Kahawa West, Komarock, Makadara, Highrise, Pipeline, Ridgeways, Riruta, Rosslyn, Ruaraka, Valley Arcade, Umoja, Huruma, Hamza, Githurai, Dagoretti, Kayole, Kibera, Kawangware, Kariobangi, Lucky Summer, Baba Dogo, Kariokor, Siwaka, Pumwani, Kahawa Sukari, Kahawa Wendani, Thindigwa, Balozi Estate, Zimmerman, Ruai, Njiru, Marurui Charges for delivery: If your location is not included here, please get in touch with us immediately. Each of our refurbished and used office desks go through a rigorous certification and restoration process, so you can rest assured that you are getting nothing but the best when you choose ROF for all your used office furniture needs.Ĭontact us today for more information about our used office desks for Orlando or any other locationnationwide.Here is a list of where we can deliver within Nairobi. We offer used desks in Orlando from top-name manufacturers like Herman Miller, Global, HON, and many more. Coordinating styles and furniture options to outfit your entire office. Several configurations such as square, wrap around, and L-shaped.Many styles including traditions,contemporary, transitional, and more.Our central location in Tampa allows us to quickly ship used desks to Orlando and surrounding areas with little hassle. We proudly offer a variety of refurbished and used desks to offices throughout Florida and the southeast. Offices throughout central Florida are turning to ROF for used desks in the Orlando area. Used Desks in Orlando for Offices of All Sizes 11/19/2023 0 Comments Remind me to forgetAs a little reminder, I have put together a team-building event for this weekend, and I expect you all to attend.As a little reminder, someone will be down from head office to check on your current progress.As a little reminder, I will not be able to make it into the office today, so I’ve put Darleen in charge.This applies both formally and informally, so it’s a good habit to get into.Ĭheck out some of these examples to understand it: It helps to remain as friendly as possible when we’re trying to sound polite. “As a little reminder” is another calm and friendly way to remind someone of something. Just a quick reminder that I will be hosting an event later tonight at my barn.Just a quick reminder that I expect all your projects on my desk by sundown.Just a quick reminder that Jack came in with some cupcakes today, and they are sitting in the staff kitchen.You should check out some of these examples to see it work: It does not make us sound like we think we know more than the other party. We can use this to stay polite no matter what we are reminding people of. “Just a quick reminder” helps to keep the phrase light and friendly. This is just a friendly reminder that someone still needs to clean up the mess created in the staffroom.This is just a friendly reminder that the boss will be coming down to see you all later and talk about your progress.This is just a friendly reminder, but I am hosting an event later tonight, and you’re all invited.These examples are a great way to learn more about it: It shows that you’re trying to remain “friendly,” and you don’t want to assume that they have forgotten about the important information you are sharing. “Friendly reminder” is the best way to stay polite while reminding someone of something. Even if someone has remembered the information, it can’t hurt to use a “friendly reminder” to confirm with them and make sure it’s fresh in their heads. The preferred version is “friendly reminder.” We can use it to show that we mean no harm in our comments. There are many different ways you can phrase “please be reminded.” You should try out one of the following: What Can I Say Instead Of “Please Be Reminded”? This article will explore the best ones to help you. However, there are better alternatives suited to this situation. We use it when we want to remind someone of certain information that needs to be kept in mind. “Please be reminded” is common in formal emails. 11/19/2023 0 Comments Costco battery jump startBattery Capacityīattery capacity is important because larger packs re-fire a greater number of vehicles and devices before they need to be recharged-bigger numbers equate to more capacity. These devices, sometimes called battery jump starters, are essentially heavy-duty backup batteries equipped with jumper cables, so take into account metrics like capacity, amperage, and interface ports. Thankfully, portable jump starters are quite simple to compare to one another. Best Power Bank: AstroAI 8-In-1 Portable Jump Starter and Power Bank.Best Display: Hulkman Alpha 85 Portable Jump Starter.Best Water-Resistant: Noco Boost Plus Portable Jump Starter.Best Value: Avapow A07 Portable Jump Starter.Best Overall: Gooloo GP4000 Portable Jump Starter.Ahead, we recommend the best portable jump starters and provide advice on what to look for while you shop. If the car battery is old won't hold a charge, a jump kickstarts the engine so you can drive to an auto store for a replacement. While this can happen in any season, winter is especially tough on your car and extreme temperatures can cause the battery to fail to supply enough amps to the starter motor.Ī portable jump starter is a lifesaver to get you where you need to go quickly and safely if there isn’t another driver around to give you a boost - or if you don't want to engage with a stranger while stranded. If a vehicle is sitting for weeks or months, the battery may easily drain to a point where it won't turn the engine. At some point in life, nearly every driver experiences the awkward and inconvenient situation of trying to start their car and failing due to an undercharged battery. 11/19/2023 0 Comments Python base64 decode fileIt only works for small sized images, in fact, for very tiny images.There are also some disadvantages of converting images into base64 strings.
11/19/2023 0 Comments Intralipid infusion usesWas this an appropriate dose of Ropivacaine? What would have been the maximum dose a patient with this weight can receive?Ī. After a few moments, she becomes increasingly confused and somnolent.ģ. Immediately following the injection, the patient reports circumoral numbness, tinnitus, and she appears anxious. 30cc of 0.5% Ropivacaine is administered. In the preoperative area, the patient receives mild sedation to facilitate placement of the block/catheter using a nerve stimulator. Particularly, children less than 4 months of age are at particularly high risk. Extremes of age secondary to reduced clearance of the anesthetics. What other chronic or acute conditions/risk factors would make a patient susceptible to developing LAST?Į. Acidosis (Metabolic acidosis, also due to DKA)Ģ. Electrolyte abnormality (hypokalemia secondary to ketoacidosis)ĭ. Known cardiac conduction abnormality (WPW Syndrome)Ĭ. Small sized patient/low BMI (BMI 18.3, 45kg)ī. What patient-factors increase her risk of developing Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST)?Ī. After a full pre-op and assessment, you as the anesthesiologist decide to give the patient a femoral nerve block and place a catheter for an adjunct to the anesthetic and for post op pain management.ġ. However, due to the severity of the fracture and the compromised vascular supply, the orthopedic surgeon would like to proceed to the OR as soon as possible. Upon arrival to the hospital, she was found to be in DKA, and is currently being treated with insulin, potassium, and intravenous fluids. She has a past medical history of Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome and Type I Diabetes Mellitus. A 31-year-old woman who is 157cm tall and weighs 45kg (BMI 18) presents for repair of a distal femur fracture sustained after a significant fall while mountain climbing. 11/19/2023 0 Comments Shielded security llc edwin riveraThis cruelty of the distinguished members of the " Maras" or " Mareros" resulted in some being recruited by the Sinaloa Cartel battling against Los Zetas in the Mexican drug war. Attacks like these have led the Supreme Court of El Salvador to authorize the classification of gangs as terrorist organizations. Police officers, government officials, and community organizations are frequent targets. Buses full of passengers from the wrong parts of town will be burned in broad daylight, passengers still aboard. Entire families will be wiped out in a single attack, regardless of age. Violent retributions target both enemy gangs as well as their families, friends, and neighbors. In femicide cases, only 5% result in convictions. In 2016, one in 5,000 Salvadoran women were killed. Infanticide and femicide are common, with El Salvador hosting the third-highest femicide rate in the world. The gang is often public in its violence. Gang members who are employed usually work in the construction, restaurant, delivery service, and landscaping industries, presenting false documentation to employers. MS-13 members use abandoned buildings in urban areas, known as "destroyers", as places of residence and to host clandestine meetings, parties and drug deals. Mara Salvatrucha gang members are typically impoverished young men and teenagers, who are often homeless and estranged from family, and who subsist on minor drug dealing, theft and extortion of street vendors and other small-time criminals. At least one faction of MS-13 – the Fulton clique in Los Angeles – has required prospective members to commit a murder in order to be considered for full-fledged membership. Aspirants are beaten for 13 seconds as an initiation to join the gang, a ritual known as a "beat-in". MS-13 are notorious for their violence and a subcultural moral code based on merciless retribution. Youth who are arrested for whatever reason are usually impressed into some gang or another during incarceration. In El Salvador, children are recruited while traveling to school, church, or work. Many school districts receiving Central American migrants were reluctant to admit unaccompanied teenagers when they arrived from Central America, which left them at home and vulnerable to gang recruitment. MS-13 gang members typically arrive the United States from Central America as unaccompanied minors. Minors also make up the majority of suspects arrested for killings attributed to MS-13. Central Americans are the primary targets of violence and threats of violence by MS-13. Membership in Mara Salvatrucha consists primarily of Salvadorans and Salvadoran Americans, but also Hondurans, Guatemalans, Mexicans, and other Central and South Americans. Characteristics An MS gang sign and tattoos The term "Salvatruchas" has been explained as a reference to Salvadoran peasants trained to become guerrilla fighters, referred to as the " Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front." The '13' is believed to stand for the letter M, the thirteenth letter of the alphabet, but it is also rumored to pay homage to the Mexican Mafia prison gang. "Salvatrucha" may be a combination of the words Salvadoran and trucha, a Caliche word for being alert. Additionally, the word mara means gang in Caliche slang and is taken from marabunta, the name of a fierce type of ant. Some sources state the gang is named for La Mara, a street in San Salvador, and the Salvatrucha guerrillas who fought in the Salvadoran Civil War. There is some dispute about the etymology of the name. The gang is often referenced by the United States' Republican Party to advocate for stricter immigration policies. In 2018, the gang's US membership of up to 10,000 accounted for less than 1% of the 1.4 million gang members in the United States, and a similar share of gang murders. Most members are Central American - Salvadorans in particular.Īs an international gang, its history is closely tied to United States–El Salvador relations. The gang is currently active in many parts of the continental United States, Canada, Mexico, and Central America. Many MS-13 members were deported to El Salvador after the end of the Salvadoran Civil War in 1992, or upon being arrested, facilitating the spread of the gang to Central America. MS-13 has a long time rivalry with the 18th Street gang. Over time, the gang grew into a more traditional criminal organization. Originally, the gang was set up to protect Salvadoran immigrants from other gangs in the Los Angeles area. Mara Salvatrucha, commonly known as MS-13, is an international criminal gang that originated in Los Angeles, California, in the 1980s. |
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